ℹ️China: Summer Palace.

The Summer Palace in Beijing is a masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design and one of the most iconic imperial sites in the country.

Overview.

The Summer Palace is a vast ensemble of lakes, gardens, and palatial structures located in Beijing’s Haidian District. Covering 2.9 square kilometres, with three‑quarters of the area occupied by water, it is the largest and best‑preserved imperial garden in China. Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998, it is celebrated as a masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design.

Historical Background.

Origins.

The site’s history dates back to the Jin dynasty (1115–1234), but its most significant development came during the Qing dynasty.

Qianlong Era (1750–1764): Emperor Qianlong commissioned the Summer Palace as a lavish gift for his mother. The design incorporated architectural and garden styles from across China, including:

• Kunming Lake, modelled after Hangzhou’s West Lake.
• Garden of Harmonious Interests, inspired by classical gardens of southern China.

Destruction & Reconstruction.

• 1860: Damaged by Anglo‑French forces during the Second Opium War.
• 1900: Further destruction during the Boxer Rebellion.

Both times, it was rebuilt under Empress Dowager Cixi, who famously diverted naval funds for its restoration.

Modern Era.

Opened to the public after the 1911 Revolution, ongoing restoration projects began in 1953.

Architectural & Natural Layout.

The Summer Palace is organised into three main zones:

• Administrative Area: for state affairs.
• Residential Area: housing the emperor and court.
• Scenic Area: lakes, gardens, and temples.

Key Features.

• Longevity Hill: 60 m high, crowned with ornate halls and pavilions on the front slope, and tranquil wooded areas at the back.
• Kunming Lake: 2.2 km², entirely man‑made; soil from its excavation formed Longevity Hill.
• Seventeen‑Hole Bridge: An elegant arched bridge linking the eastern shore to Nanhu Island.
• Suzhou Street: A canal‑side shopping street built in traditional Jiangnan style.
• Tibetan‑style temples: On the northern slopes, reflecting Qing multiculturalism.

Cultural Significance.

• Symbol of Resistance: For many Chinese, the palace stands as a reminder of resilience against foreign invasions.
• Artistic Legacy: Houses over 3,000 ancient structures and 40,000 cultural relics from various dynasties.
• Design Philosophy: Harmoniously blends water, land, and architecture to create a tranquil yet grand imperial retreat.

UNESCO Recognition.

In 1998, UNESCO inscribed the Summer Palace as a World Heritage Site for its:

• Mastery of Chinese landscape garden design.
• Integration of natural scenery with man‑made artistry.
• Historical importance as an imperial retreat.

Visiting Today.

The Summer Palace is a popular destination for both tourists and locals, offering:

• Boat rides on Kunming Lake.
• Seasonal beauty, cherry blossoms in spring, lotus blooms in summer, golden leaves in autumn, and snow‑covered pavilions in winter.
• Cultural performances and exhibitions showcasing Qing‑era traditions.